Illness Anxiety and Interpersonal Guilt

Introduction

This study investigated the relationship between illness anxiety and interpersonal guilt as conceived in control-mastery theory. Additionally, we explored how illness anxiety symptoms relate to general anxiety, depression, alexithymia, autonomic nervous system reactivity, personality functioning impairment, sociodemographic factors, and childhood experiences.

Methods

A sample of 201 participants completed measures of illness anxiety (Health Anxiety Questionnaire), interpersonal guilt (Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-20s), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20), personality dysfunction (Level of Personality Functioning-Brief Form 2.0), and autonomic nervous reactivity (Body Perception Questionnaire-22). Sociodemographic and childhood traumas and adverse experiences data were collected via an ad hoc questionnaire.

Results

Individuals with worried and autonomy-limiting caregivers reported higher levels of illness anxiety. Correlation analyses revealed significant positive associations with illness anxiety and all the variables measured. As expected, partial correlation demonstrated that separation/disloyalty guilt and burdening guilt are the most associated with illness anxiety symptoms. Unexpectedly, however, survivor guilt lost significance when controlling for other types of guilt. Hierarchical multiple regression identified anxiety as the strongest overall predictor of illness anxiety, followed by separation/disloyalty guilt and bodily reactivity indices.

Discussion

This study suggests that interpersonal guilt may be a key component in sustaining illness anxiety symptoms in anxious people. In particular, the interplay between anxiety, separation/disloyalty guilt, and autonomic overreactivity appears to contribute to illness anxiety concerns and behaviors. Working on these aspects may be essential for positive long-term outcomes of psychotherapy.